Preemie Development: What to Expect

Last Updated on January 4, 2024

Introduction

In this blog chapter, we will explore the topic of preemie development and why understanding what to expect is crucial for parents of premature babies.

Premature babies, or preemies, are infants born before completing full term. Understanding the developmental journey of these babies is essential for parents.

Preemies often face unique challenges and may require special care and support as they grow.

Knowing what to expect in terms of preemie development allows parents to better prepare themselves emotionally and practically.

It helps them understand the milestones their baby should be reaching and when to seek additional assistance if needed.

By being aware of typical preemie development, parents can track their baby’s progress and celebrate each milestone achieved.

It also enables them to anticipate possible delays or challenges and seek early intervention, maximizing their child’s potential for optimal growth and development.

Additionally, understanding preemie development empowers parents to actively participate in their baby’s care.

It provides them with knowledge on how to stimulate and support their baby’s development, ensuring they thrive and reach their full potential.

In the following sections, we will dive deeper into the various aspects of preemie development, including physical growth, motor skills, cognitive development, and social-emotional progress.\

We will explore what is considered typical for preemies and offer guidance on how parents can facilitate their baby’s development.

Join us as we embark on this journey to gain insight into preemie development and equip ourselves with the knowledge and tools needed to support these amazing little fighters.

Definition and Classification

What a premature baby, or preemie, is

A premature baby, or preemie, is an infant born before 37 weeks of gestation.

Preemies are classified based on their gestational age and birth weight.

The classifications include extreme preterm, very preterm, and moderate-to-late preterm.

Extreme preterm babies are born before 28 weeks and weigh less than 2.2 pounds.

Very preterm babies are born between 28-32 weeks and weigh between 2.2-3.3 pounds.

Moderate-to-late preterm babies are born between 32-37 weeks and weigh between 3.3-5.5 pounds.

Challenges Faced by Preemies

Preemies may face various challenges due to their early arrival.

They are at a higher risk of developing health issues compared to full-term babies.

Respiratory problems are common in preemies due to underdeveloped lungs.

Preemies might need assistance with breathing, such as oxygen support or machine ventilation.

Feeding difficulties are another challenge faced by preemies, as their suck and swallow reflexes may be immature.\

Many preemies require feeding through a tube until they can orally feed.

Preemies may also experience temperature regulation problems, and they are prone to infections.

They have fragile and delicate skin, which makes them susceptible to skin issues.

Preemies might require special care in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to monitor their health.

Developmental delays are common among preemies, especially in reaching milestones.

They might take longer to catch up on growth and development compared to full-term babies.

Preemies may have delayed language and motor skills, requiring early intervention programs.

They are at a higher risk of cognitive and learning difficulties as they grow older.

Preemies might also face social, emotional, and behavioral challenges as they face unique experiences.

Long-term health issues, such as vision and hearing problems, may persist in some preemies.

Preemies often require regular follow-up visits with pediatric specialists to monitor their progress.

With appropriate medical care, early intervention, and support, most preemies can overcome their challenges.

Preemies show remarkable resilience and have the potential to thrive and lead healthy lives.

In essence, a premature baby, or preemie, is an infant born before 37 weeks of gestation.

They are classified based on their gestational age and birth weight, with extreme preterm, very preterm, and moderate-to-late preterm categories.

Preemies face various challenges due to their early arrival, including respiratory issues, feeding difficulties, temperature regulation problems, and developmental delays.

They require specialized care in NICUs and often need early intervention programs to support their growth and development.

Despite their challenges, preemies have the ability to overcome obstacles and lead healthy lives with the appropriate medical attention and support.

Read: Understanding Preemie Birth in Nigeria: Key Facts

Physical Development

Typical Physical Milestones Achieved by Preemies during Their First Year

Preemies, born before 37 weeks, may experience certain physical milestones at a slightly different pace compared to full-term babies.

However, with proper care and monitoring, these differences can be effectively addressed.

Head Control

1. Around 2 to 4 months, preemies start gaining control over their head movements.
   
   
2. Encourage tummy time to strengthen neck and upper body muscles.
   
   
3. Avoid propping preemies in sitting positions before they can hold their heads independently.

Rolling Over

1. Rolling front to back usually occurs by 4 to 6 months, followed by back to front.
   
   
2. Provide ample floor playtime to allow preemies to develop their rolling skills.
   
   
3. Consult with a healthcare professional if your preemie is experiencing delays in rolling over.

Sitting

1. Preemies may achieve independent sitting between 6 to 8 months, albeit with some wobbling.
   
   
2. Use supportive seating aids, like boppy pillows or high chairs, to assist early sitting attempts.
   
   
3. Ensure proper supervision during sitting to prevent falls or injuries.

Crawling and Standing

1. Most preemies crawl around 8 to 10 months and begin pulling themselves up to stand by 10 to 12 months.
   
   
2. Create a safe and stimulating environment to encourage exploration and mobility.
   
   
3. Consult with a pediatrician if your preemie shows significant delays in crawling or standing.

Walking

1. Walking independently usually occurs around 12 to 18 months for preemies.
   
   
2. Offer support, such as push toys or holding hands, to facilitate the development of walking skills.
   
   
3. Regularly assess your preemie’s progress and seek medical advice if concerns arise.

Potential Delays or Differences in Physical Growth Compared to Full-Term Babies

Preemies might experience some delays or differences in physical growth compared to full-term babies due to their premature birth and their unique needs.

1. Low Birth Weight: Low birth weight is a common characteristic of preemies, which can lead to slower weight gain and smaller physical size initially.
   
   However, with proper nutrition and medical care, preemies usually catch up gradually.
   
   
2. Muscle Weakness: Due to their premature birth, preemies may initially have weaker muscles, impacting their physical strength and coordination.
   
   Physical therapy and regular exercises can help them overcome these challenges.
   
   
3. Sensory Sensitivities: Preemies might be more sensitive to sensory stimulation, such as touch or noise, which can affect their physical responses and interactions with the environment.
   
   Understanding and accommodating these sensitivities is crucial.

The Importance of Regular Check-ups and Medical Interventions for Physical Development

Regular check-ups and medical interventions play a vital role in monitoring and supporting the physical development of preemies.

1. Early Detection of Developmental Issues: Frequent check-ups allow healthcare professionals to identify any potential developmental delays, facilitating early interventions and appropriate support for preemies.
   
   
2. Proper Nutrition and Growth Assessment: Medical interventions aid in ensuring preemies receive adequate nutrition, helping them achieve optimal growth and physical development.
   
   
3. Physical Therapy and Intervention Programs: Medical professionals can recommend targeted therapies and intervention programs tailored to address specific physical challenges preemies may encounter.
   
   
4. Overall Wellness Monitoring: Regular check-ups help monitor preemies’ overall wellness, ensuring that any concerns or issues related to physical development are identified and addressed promptly.
   
   
5. Parental Guidance and Support: Through regular check-ups, parents can receive valuable guidance and support from healthcare professionals, enabling them to actively participate in their preemie’s physical development journey.

In fact, preemies achieve physical milestones at their own pace, with some potential delays compared to full-term babies.

However, through regular check-ups and necessary medical interventions, parents can support and nurture their preemies’ physical development effectively.

Read: Preemie’s First Year: A Health Checklist

Cognitive Development

The progression of cognitive development in preemies

Preemies, or premature babies, go through a unique progression of cognitive development. Here’s what to expect:

Attention

1. Preemies initially have shorter attention spans compared to full-term babies.
   
   
2. As they grow, their attention spans gradually increase, but they may still struggle with focusing.
   
   
3. It’s important for parents to create a calm and quiet environment during playtime to help their preemies concentrate.

Memory

1. At first, preemies have limited memory capabilities, as their brains are still developing.
   
   
2. Over time, their memory skills improve and become similar to those of full-term babies.
   
   
3. Parents can aid in memory development by creating routines and repetition in daily activities.

Problem-Solving Skills

1. Initially, preemies may struggle with problem-solving due to their underdeveloped cognitive abilities.
   
   
2. As they mature, their problem-solving skills improve, but they may still need extra support.
   
   
3. Parents can engage preemies in age-appropriate puzzles and games to promote problem-solving abilities.

Potential impact of prematurity on cognitive abilities and learning difficulties that may arise

Prematurity can have a potential impact on cognitive abilities, leading to certain learning difficulties:

1. Preemies may experience delays in reaching cognitive milestones, such as speech and language development.
   
   
2. They may have difficulties with attention, memory, and reasoning skills compared to their full-term peers.
   
   
3. Learning disabilities, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), may be more common in preemies.

Strategies parents can employ to stimulate cognitive development in preemies

To stimulate cognitive development in preemies, parents can employ the following strategies:

1. Talk and interact with your preemie regularly, providing a rich language environment.
   
   
2. Read books, sing songs, and play music to promote language and cognitive skills.
   
   
3. Offer age-appropriate toys and activities that encourage exploration and problem-solving.
   
   
4. Provide a safe and stimulating environment with various textures, colors, and sounds.
   
   
5. Encourage physical activity to support overall brain development and cognitive growth.
   
   
6. Seek early intervention services if you notice any developmental delays or concerns.

By implementing these strategies, parents can help preemies thrive in their cognitive development journey.

Read: NICU Care in Nigeria: What to Expect

Social and Emotional Development

When it comes to social and emotional development, preemies go through various stages as they grow.

Understanding these stages can help parents provide the right environment and support for their preemies.

Stages of Social and Emotional Development in Preemies

1. 0 to 6 months: During this period, preemies may struggle with forming attachments and developing social skills.
   
   They might be more fussy and have difficulty self-soothing.
   
   
2. 6 to 12 months: Preemies start showing signs of attachment towards their primary caregiver.
   
   They may become more responsive to familiar faces and show preferences.
   
   
3. 12 to 18 months: Around this stage, preemies begin to exhibit more independence and explore their surroundings.
   
   They may enjoy playing alongside other children but might not actively engage in social interactions.
   
   
4. 18 to 24 months: Social interactions become more prominent during this period.
   
   Preemies start engaging in parallel play and begin to show an understanding of emotions.
   
   
5. 2 to 3 years: Preemies continue to develop social skills, such as taking turns, sharing, and forming friendships.
   
   They become more expressive and seek validation from their peers and caregivers.

Potential Challenges Preemies May Face in Forming Attachments and Developing Social Skills:

Due to their early arrival, preemies may encounter certain challenges in their social and emotional development. These challenges include:

1. Delayed social skills compared to full-term babies.
   
   
2. Difficulties in self-regulation and emotional control.
   
   
3. Increased risk of developing anxiety or attachment disorders.
   
   
4. Higher likelihood of experiencing social and emotional difficulties in school.

Ways Parents Can Foster Healthy Social and Emotional Development in Preemies:

As parents, there are several measures you can take to promote your preemie’s social and emotional development:

1. Provide skin-to-skin contact: Regular kangaroo care helps in forming a strong bond between the parent and the preemie, promoting emotional security.
   
   
2. Practice responsive parenting: Being sensitive and responsive to your preemie’s cues can help them feel secure and develop trust in their caregivers.
   
   
3. Encourage social interactions: Arrange play dates or visits with other children to give your preemie opportunities for socializing and practicing their social skills.
   
   
4. Create a nurturing environment: Surround your preemie with a supportive and loving atmosphere that encourages healthy emotional development.
   
   
5. Seek professional support if needed: If you notice significant delays or difficulties in your preemie’s social and emotional development, consult healthcare professionals or specialists for guidance.
   
   
6. Be patient: Remember that every child develops at their own pace. Celebrate small milestones and offer reassurance and love throughout your preemie’s journey.

By understanding the stages and challenges of social and emotional development in preemies, parents can actively support their child’s growth.

With love, care, and appropriate interventions, preemies can flourish socially and emotionally, reaching their full potential.

Read: Balancing Work and Preemie Care at Home

Speech and Language Development

Typical Timeline for Speech and Language Development in Preemies

Preemies may start cooing and making simple vocalizations around two to three months corrected age.

By six months corrected age, most preemies will babble and make vowel sounds.

Around nine months corrected age, preemies can usually say simple words like “mama” and “dada.”

At one year corrected age, preemies typically begin using gestures and attempting to imitate words.

By one and a half years corrected age, preemies may be able to speak a few words and use simple phrases.

Two-year-old preemies can often understand simple instructions and have a vocabulary of about 50 words.

By three years old, preemies normally have a vocabulary of several hundred words and can speak in sentences.

Possibility of Delays or Speech Disorders in Preemies and Importance of Early Intervention

Preemies may experience delays in speech and language development due to their premature birth and potential neurological issues.

Some preemies may develop speech disorders such as stuttering, apraxia, or articulation disorders.

Early intervention is crucial for preemies with speech and language delays or disorders, as it can help minimize long-term difficulties.

Speech therapy can assist preemies in improving their communication skills and catch up with their peers.

Speech and language delays can impact a preemie’s social and academic development if left untreated.

Tips for Supporting Preemie’s Speech and Language Development at Home

1. Engage in frequent and meaningful verbal interactions with your preemie, talking and singing to them often.
   
   
2. Read books together and use expressive voices to enhance language development.
   
   
3. Encourage your preemie to imitate sounds, words, and gestures by modeling appropriate communication.
   
   
4. Play interactive games like peek-a-boo or patty cake, which promote turn-taking and language skills.
   
   
5. Allow your preemie to communicate at their own pace and avoid pressuring them to speak before they’re ready.
   
   
6. Create a language-rich environment by labeling objects and narrating daily activities.
   
   
7. Limit screen time and prioritize face-to-face interactions to stimulate language development.
   
   
8. Celebrate and reinforce your preemie’s communication attempts, even if they are not yet using words.
   
   
9. Consult with a pediatrician or speech-language pathologist if you have concerns about your preemie’s speech and language development.

Monitoring a preemie’s speech and language development is essential for detecting any delays or disorders.

With early intervention and support from parents, preemies can overcome challenges and thrive in their communication skills.

By creating a language-rich environment and seeking professional help when necessary, parents can actively contribute to their preemie’s speech and language development journey.

Conclusion

In this blog post, we have explored the key points about preemie development and what to expect.

It is crucial for parents of preemies to understand the challenges they may face.

However, it is equally important to offer encouragement and support.

Patience, love, and seeking professional advice when needed are essential in helping preemies thrive.

Remember, every baby is unique, and progress may vary. Stay positive and believe in your child’s potential. You are not alone on this journey.